Introducing Biology -Growth and Branches of science

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GROWTH OF BIOLOGY

No one can say when the study of biology exactly began. Primitive man lived in jungles and caves. He collected food from natural vegetation and hunted wild animals. Through this activity he learnt about the life and habits of different animals, and recognized various plants and their parts. That was the beginning of Biology. The drawings of animals and plants in the caves of prehistoric periods are proofs of primitive man's interest in plants and animals around him.
With the evolution of culture, man began to live in settled communities and started farming.
He domesticated animals such as the dog, cow, sheep, horse and buffalo. These practices gave him further opportunities for the study of the ways and life of these animals. Thus, biology advanced
more and more.
Greek were probably the pioneers of an organized study of Biology.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was the first person to study animals in sufficient detail and he is called the founder or "FARTHER OF BIOLOGY/FATHER OF ZOOLOGY". 
Theophrastus (370-285 B.C) mainly studied plants, and is said to be the "FATHER OF BOTANY".
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C) rationalized the science of healing and treating the sick. He is called the "FATHER OF MEDICINE".
Biology had flourished a great deal in ancient India (2500 B.C to 650 B.C). Various system of classifying animals and plants were developed, for example, Jeevaj (viviparous) animals who give birth to young ones, Andaj (oviparous) animals who lay eggs, etc. Cultivation of rice was first introduced in India. It is estimated that more than 1000 varieties of rice had been developed.
With the invention of microscope in the sixteenth century, a new world of minute animals and plants came to human knowledge. The cell as the basic unit of living things was seen through the compound microscope. Biology now began to grow faster.
Now, the twenty-first century is poised to unravel more mysteries of nature, and miraculous innovations in medicine and agriculture. Biology has already progressed a great deal in the field of vitamins, hormones, genetics, engineering, antibiotics cancer research, cloning, stem cell research, organ transplant, environmental, sciences, life in outer space, etc. The latest is that scientists are planning to create life, some single-celled bacteria, from lifeless material using fatty acids and nucleotides, etc.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

Biology is divided into several branches. This division can be made in at least three different ways:
  1. In terms of major kinds of organisms.
  • Botany - the study of plants.
  • Zoology - the study of animals.
  • Human Biology - the study of human as a living organism and his relationship with other living organisms. (Gk. anthropos : man ; logos : study).
     2. In term of special groups of organisms.
  • Bacteriology - the study of bacteria.
  • Virology - the study of viruses.
  • Mycology - the study of fungi.
  • Phycology/Algalogy - the study algae.
  • Entomology - the study of insects.
  • Ichthyology - the study of fishes.
  • Herpetology - the study of reptiles like lizards, snakes, etc.
  • Ornithology - the study of birds.
     3. In terms of approach on studying it.
  • Anatomy - the study of gross structure of the organism as seen in dissection.
  • Morphology - the study of form and structure of plants and animals. It includes (essentially) the understanding and interpretation of structure (both external and internal).
  • Histology - the study of minute structure of tiny bits of the tissue level as seen with the help of a compound microscope.
  • Cytology - the study of structure and function of plant and animal cells.
  • Physiology - the study of metabolism (function and activities) of organisms and their parts.
  • Embryology - the study of formation and development of embryo of plants and animals.
  • Taxonomy - the science of naming, grouping and classification of plants and animals.
  • Ecology - the study of the relationship of an organism to both its biotic and abiotic environment.
  • Biogeography -  the study of geographical distribution of plants and animals.
  • Palaeontology - the study of prehistoric forms of life through fossils of plants and animals.
  • Evolution - the study of origin and descent of organisms.
  • Genetics - the science of the transmission of body characteristics from parents to offspring.
  • Parasitology - the study of parasites.
  • Pathology - the study of diseases of plants and animals.
  • Immunology - the science that deals with the phenomena and causes of immunity.
  • Eugenics - the science which aims to improve the human race through controlled heredity.
  • Biochemistry - study of chemicals and reactions that take place inside the living things. One of its numerous applications is DNA fingerprinting.

































































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Biology:- Tissue plant & animal

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<html> <head> <script data-ad-client="ca-pub-8232053510703465" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> A brief understanding of their location , basic structure and function. A brief understanding of their role in different physiological processes in plants and animals. Tissue:- Tissues are group of similar cells which perform specific function.   PLANT TISSUE:- Plant tissues are basically of two types- Meristematic tissue or Meristem The cells of meristamic tissue have the power of division. These tissue are found on the growing regions of plants. The cells of meristematic tissue are small, cuboidal and large nucleus. Vacuoles are absent and they cells are having no intercellular space between them. According to the position of the meristematic tissue, they are divided into three types- Apical or Terminal:-  Apical meristem is present at the tip of root and shoot of plant. Thi...
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